Abnormal Psychology Multiple Choice

The Advanced Placement Psychology (AP Psychology or AP Psych) course and corresponding exam is part of the College Board's Advanced Placement Program. This course is tailored for students interested in the field of psychology and as an opportunity to earn placement credit or exemption from a college-level psychology course. It is the shortest exam.The history of psychology as a scholarly study of the mind and behavior dates back to the Middle Ages. It was widely regarded to a branch of philosophy until the middle of the 19th-century when psychology developed as an independent scientific discipline in Germany. Psychology borders on various other fields including physiology, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, sociology, and anthropology.Overview:The study of psychology in a philosophical context dates back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China and India. Psychology began adopting a more clinical and experimental approach under medieval Muslim psychologists and physicians, who built psychiatric hospitals for such purposes.During the last quarter of the 19th century, psychology in the West began to be seriously pursued as an independent scientific enterprise.

Psychology as an self-conscious field of experimental study is commonly said to have begun in 1879, when Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research in Leipzig. Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in studies on memory), William James, and Ivan Pavlov (who developed the procedures associated with classical conditioning). In Vienna, the neurologist Sigmund Freud developed an independent approach to the study of the mind called psychoanalysis that has been widely influential. Psychoanalysis has also had a highly contested relationship with the development of experimental psychology.Soon after the development of experimental psychology, various kinds of applied psychology began to appear as well. G. Stanley Hall (Johns Hopkins) brought scientific pedagogy to the United States from Germany in the early 1880s. John Dewey's (U. Chicago) educational theory of the 1890s was an early example as well.

Also in the 1890s, Hugo Münsterberg (Harvard) began writing about the application of psychology to industry, law, and other professions. Lightner Witmer (U. Pennsylvania) established the first psychological clinic in the 1890s. James McKeen Cattell (Columbia U.) adapted the Francis Galton's anthropometric methods to generate the first program of mental testing in the 1890s as well.The 20th century saw a reaction against Edward Titchener's abstract approach to the mind. This led to the formulation of behaviorism by John B. Watson, which was popularized by B.F. Skinner. Behaviorism proposed epistemologically limiting psychological study to overt behavior, since that could be quantified and easily measured. Scientific knowledge of the "mind" was considered too metaphysical, hence impossible to achieve. The final decades of the 20th century have seen the rise of a new interdisciplinary approach to studying human psychology, known collectively as cognitive science.

Cognitive science again considers the "mind" as a subject for investigation, using the tools of evolutionary psychology, linguistics, computer science, philosophy, and neurobiology. This new form of investigation has proposed that a wide understanding of the human mind is possible, and that such an understanding may be applied to other research domains, such as artificial intelligence. Early Psychological Thought:Many cultures throughout history have speculated on the nature of the mind, soul, spirit, etc. For instance, in Ancient Egypt, the Edwin Smith Papyrus 1550 BC contains an early description of the brain, and some speculations on its functions (though in a medical/surgical context). Though other medical documents of ancient times were full of incantations and applications meant to turn away disease-causing demons and other superstition, the Edwin Smith Papyrus gives remedies to almost 50 conditions and only 1 contains incantations to ward off evil. It has even been praised as very similar to what is today known as common knowledge.

It also shows a long tradition of empirical practice and observation.Ancient Greek philosophers from Thales (fl. 550 bc) through to the Roman period developed an elaborate theory of what they termed the

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